THE JURIDICAL REVIEW OF FOREIGN WORKERS DEPORTATION DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN INDONESIA REVIEWED FROM A HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE

Objective: The government issued a policy for foreign workers who cannot return to their home countries, constrained by the validity period of residence permits during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study aims to determine how the deportation of foreign workers during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia is reviewed from a Human Rights perspective. Methodology: This study was qualitative research with a normative juridical approach that examined legal materials related to legal issues and arrangements regarding deportation and foreign workers in Indonesia. The data obtained was analyzed descriptively. Results: In carrying out deportation actions against foreign workers in Indonesia, several aspects needed to be considered so that the actions of the Immigration Officials did not infringe the Human Rights owned by foreign employees, namely aspects of substance, procedural aspects, and aspects of respect, protection, and fulfillment of human rights. Therefore, Indonesia has the right to carry out administrative measures such as returning foreign nationals by deportation. If foreign workers must deport based on the investigation results, then the concerned will be in the place of foreign workers room/house detention, considering at this time some countries still do not receive flights from Indonesia. Contributions: Practically, this study contributes to improve the researcher's scientific knowledge related this topic. In addition, it also contributes to the discussion regarding the juridical of foreign workers deportation. © 2023, Centro Universitario Curitiba - UNICURITIBA. All rights reserved.

Discipline and resistance in southwestern Ontario: Securitization of migrant workers and their acts of defiance

COVID‐19 has had deep impacts on a wide range of vulnerable communities in Canada. Migrant agricultural workers in the southwestern region of Ontario were particularly impacted. Fearing the threat of the ‘racialized foreign other', the Canadian state produced myriad securitization responses with heightened surveillance. This paper will examine both state and non‐state forms of securitization and the response from both workers and activists such as the advocacy group Justicia for Migrant Workers (J4MW). While there has been ample discussion of how vulnerable migrant agricultural workers were affected during the pandemic, there has been less attention paid to how state policies have heightened and targeted specific groups such as migrant agricultural workers through modes of securitization. Central to this was to ensure that labour needs would be met to ensure the viability of Canada's multi‐billion agricultural industry. This paper shows how securitization and control were vital to ensure no disruptions to production levels and Canada's role as a leading agricultural export producer. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Agrarian Change is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Pathways for advancing good work in food systems: reflecting on the international good work for good food forum

The crucial roles that workers, especially seasonal and migrant workers, play in our food systems have come under renewed attention in recent years. The coronavirus pandemic resulted in food workers being recognized as critical or essential workers in many countries. In 2021, this coincided with the UN International Year of Fruits and Vegetables (IYFV), highlighting the importance of horticultural crops to healthy lives globally. Yet, workers' quality of life in this most labor-intensive form of food production is often disregarded, or in the case of the UN IYFV, misconstrued. The agriculture-migration nexus-on which food systems depend-remains recognized as a challenge, yet there is limited debate about how it could be ameliorated and a lack of articulation of desirable alternatives. While alternative food and peasant movements propose food system transformation and alternative labor futures based on agroecology, labor lawyers and other advocates propose regulation and formalization of workplace regimes to ensure fair working conditions. Most recently, a third possibility has emerged from agri-tech innovators: a techno-centric future with far fewer agricultural workers. These three archetypes of agricultural labor futures (agroecological, formally regulated, and techno-centric) have the potential to leave food scholars and activists without a unified, coherent vision to advance. Addressing this gap, this paper reports and builds on insights harvested from the international Good Work for Good Food Forum, organized by the authors with the aim of shaping consensus on positive visions for work in food systems. About 40 scholar-activists across three continents discussed the current challenges facing food workers and crafted a collective vision for good food work. This vision is documented in the form of nine principles supported by a framework of seven enabling pathways. We conclude by emphasizing the need for a people-centered incorporation of technology and a re-valuation of food workers' contributions to global food systems. We offer the vision as a collective platform for action to advocate for and organize with workers in food systems.

The house of man: Sheltering in the Anthropocene

When the pandemic struck, many countries went into lockdown mode;India did so for 21 days starting on March 24, 2020. In addition to the people who were already in quarantine, the experience during the lockdown has impacted our "normal" experience of home as people have been asked to stay at home. In the Anthropocene, the geological epoch where humans are acting as a planetary force, the questions of "home" and "ownership" have come under intense scrutiny because various species are losing their natural habitats and face extinction. This chapter proposes to investigate the elementality of home that marks the pandemic and the Anthropocene. To locate this threshold, we follow the conceptual motif of sanctuary and shelter to illuminate the structure of home during the pandemic. The chapter discusses the various inflections of home in the pandemic and its construction as a scientifically validated shelter from the virus. It focuses on the figure of the migrant and how the rootlessness of the migrant can be understood in the face of Gaia, our planet as a sanctuary in the Anthropocene. To discuss on futures that are lost, the chapter reflects on images of home-as-sanctuary relative to the pandemic and the Anthropocene. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

A theoretical and empirical approach to foreign labour migration and employment: the case of agri-food migrant workers in developed economies

Most of the research on migration has focused on the scale and effects of people exodus from rural to urban areas rather than on rural areas as recipients of migrants, especially foreign migrants. This study aims to analyse employment of foreigners in agriculture and food processing sectors of selected developed countries, with particular emphasis on the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. It first reviews existing literature on ideas and theories about human migration through the history of economic and social thought. This theoretical background lies in the economic, social, health, demographic and integrated theories and concepts of migration that help understand the pull and push causes as well consequences of current international migration processes. Next, this article presents some facts about the employment of foreigners in agriculture and food processing in developed countries traditionally affected by severe labour shortages in these sectors, as well as the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on employers and workers. The results reveal that labour shortages and labour exploitation are amongst the most frequent and relatively consistent issues associated with immigrant workers in the agri-food industry. During COVID-19, these problems were exacerbated and complemented with the workers' health risk due to coronavirus clusters on farms and at food-processing plants.

Persekitaran Sosial dan Strategi untuk Mengekalkan Kesihatan dalam Kalangan Pekerja Asing Sepanjang Pandemik Covid-19

Pekerja asing di Malaysia bersifat rentan terhadap COVID-19 atas faktor persekitaran sosial yang meningkatkan risiko jangkitan. Namun begitu, perspektif mereka yang mampu kekal bebas COVID-19 sepanjang pandemik kurang diketahui. Oleh itu, kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengenalpasti faktor persekitaran sosial yang menyebabkan impak pandemik dan strategi sokongan sosial yang diterima untuk mengekalkan kesihatan dalam kalangan pekerja Nepal di Selangor dan Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Pendekatan kualitatif telah digunakan dengan temu bual separa berstruktur bersama lapan orang pekerja asing warga Nepal bebas COVID-19, serta dua orang pemimpin agama sebagai informan utama di mana kaedah pensampelan bertujuan telah digunakan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa impak psikososial berpunca daripada faktor undang-undang, iaitu Perintah Kawalan Pergerakan (PKP) yang mewujudkan norma baru. Sokongan informasional dan instrumental telah membantu mereka memahami dan mempraktikkan Prosedur Kendalian Standard (SOP). Sokongan emosional dan sokongan agama juga membantu mereka menangani masalah kesihatan mental. Tuntasnya, penentu sosial kesihatan utama, iaitu konteks sosial dan komuniti yang mewujudkan kestabilan ekonomi dan penjagaan kesihatan berkualiti telah menjamin kesihatan mereka semasa pandemik. Faktor sosial perlu lebih dititikberatkan dalam kerja menangani impak pandemik demi menjaga kesihatan awam secara lestari.Alternate abstract:Foreign workers in Malaysia were vulnerable to COVID-19 due to social environment factors that increased the infection risks. Nevertheless, the perspective of COVID-19-free foreign workers regarding the issues were unknown. Therefore, the research was conducted to identify social environment factors contributing to the impacts of pandemic and perceived social support as a strategy to maintain good health among Nepali workers in Selangor and Negeri Sembilan. The qualitative approach with purposive sampling method was applied. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with eight workers, and two religion leaders as key informants. The result showed that psychosocial impacts experienced were due to the Movement Control Order (MCO) as a legal factor that caused the new norm. Informational and instrumental supports helped them to understand and practice the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP). Emotional and religious supports were essential in coping with mental health problems. In short, social and community context as the main social determinant of health had brought about other determinants including economic stability and quality health care to ensure good health among them. Social factors have to be emphasized in the work of combating the impact of pandemic to promote sustainable public health.

COVID-19 pandemic: impact of agricultural labour migration on income levels of farmers in Telangana

The present study was undertaken during 25th March 2019 to 25th March 2021 to examine the impact of agricultural labour migration due to COVID-19 pandemic on the income levels of farmers. Both primary and secondary data were used in the study, multistage sampling technique was used in selection of district, mandals and villages. Tools and techniques like tabular analysis, gross returns and net returns were used. Economic impact on farmers in the study area was studied by selecting three major crops viz., Paddy, Cotton and Maize. During the COVID-19 pandemic, in the kharif and rabi season, in all the three major crops, the labour availability was increased when compared with the period of before the pandemic. This situation was appeared due to reverse migration during pandemic. The average wage rates received by the agricultural labourers for almost all farm operations in case of paddy, maize and cotton crops were decreased due to increase in labour supply due to reverse migration. The available man days also clearly got increased for almost all the operations except harvesting of paddy and cotton crops. In case of paddy and cotton crops, net returns were found to increase. In case of Maize crop, the gross and net returns were decreased due to increase in total operation costs and decrease in price per quintal during rabi season of the pandemic period respectively.

Cabaran dan Implikasi Adaptasi Silang Budaya Pembantu Rumah Indonesia (PRI) di Malaysia

Pekerja asing yang bekerja di luar negara sering kali berhadapan dengan cabaran dan kesulitan kerana perbezaan dengan budaya asal mereka. Ini memberi kesan dan implikasi kepada mereka semasa bekerja terutama dalam aktiviti berinteraksi dengan silang budaya. Perbezaan budaya dalam aktiviti komunikasi adalah sukar dan boleh menghalang mesej serta pemahaman makna kepada dua budaya. Justeru makalah ini meneroka cabaran dan implikasi yang di hadapi oleh pembantu rumah Indonesia semasa bekerja di Malaysia. Kajian ini berpandukan pengalaman pekerja asing dalam bidang domestik berdasarkan dapatan kajian-kajian lepas yang menekankan proses penyesuaikan diri memerlukan jangka masa yang panjang terhadap sebuah budaya baharu. Mekanisme kajian melihat cabaran dan implikasi yang wujud semasa bekerja boleh mengganggu tahap prestasi kerja. Kaedah kualitatif menerusi temubual mendalam telah dilaksanakan ke atas tujuh informan terdiri daripada pembantu rumah Indonesia. Hasil kajian mendapati terdapat empat tema berkaitan cabaran dalam komunikasi silang budaya iaitu persepsi, stereotaip, ethnosentrisme dan diskriminasi. Kesemua cabaran ini dilihat menghalang kelancaran mengadaptasi budaya baharu sekaligus membentuk implikasi seperti keresahan, berprasangka dengan budaya baharu, menjadi rendah diri dan sekaligus sukar untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan budaya tersebut. Penulis berpendapat kaedah temubual mendalam ini sesuai untuk meneroka luas pengalaman pekerja asing yang berhadapan dengan cabaran dalam konteks silang budaya pada masa akan datang.Alternate abstract:The foreign worker who works overseas often faces challenges and obstacles because of their foreign cultures. This place an implication towards them when working, especially during cross-cultural integration. Different cultures in communication make it complicated and further conflict between the understanding of two cultures. Thus, this study explores challenges and implications faced by Indonesian maids working in Malaysia. This research built upon Indonesian maids' experiences working in the domestic sector based on past finding that focus on the adaptation process to a new culture which may take a long time. This mechanism finds that all the challenges and implication can affect one's work performance. The quantitative method carried out by interviewing seven participants of Indonesian maids. This research finding is four themes regarding intercultural communication: perception, stereotypes, ethnocentrism, and discrimination. All of these produce challenges in the smooth adaptation of new cultures that as a result, brought implications such as anxiety, prejudice towards new culture, low self-esteem and made the process of adapting to new culture harder. The researcher reckons that this thorough interview is suitable to deeply explore the foreign workers' experiences that will face the challenges in the intercultural context in the future.

Beyond gratitude: lessons learned from migrants' contribution to the COVID-19 response

This paper provides a snapshot of migrant workers across countries and sectors, looking at the scale of their contribution to the global workforce before COVID-19. The analysis of the stories gathered in the media tracking and presented in the 'Key workers' data visualisation in Chapter 3. This focuses on migration-related reforms and initiatives by national and local governments over the past year in response to the pandemic. Recognising that the contributions of migrants will remain essential to our societies during our collective recovery from the pandemic, Chapter 4 presents conclusions and recommendations for policy-makers. These are based on the lessons that could inform more sustainable solutions for migration reform in the future.

How did COVID-19 affect food and nutrition security of migrant workers in northern Vietnam?

This study explored how measures to curtail the spread of the coronavirus (Covid-19) in Vietnam affected the livelihoods and food and nutrition security of internal migrant workers. While Vietnam has made impressive progress towards food security in the past decades, marginalised groups of people such as ethnic minorities and migrants continue to face significant challenges. The project team investigated how the pandemic affected the precarity of these groups' income-generating opportunities and how the level of income generated affected the quality, as well as the quantity, of food consumed by migrant workers in Hanoi, the capital, and the Bac Ninh province, which hosts large industrial zones. Our research shows that income for migrant workers significantly reduced as a result of Covid-19-related lockdown measures. Almost half of the respondents were considered to be either moderately or severely food insecure. Financial support provided by the government hardly reached migrant workers because of the registration system required to receive unemployment benefits. To reduce the vulnerability of migrant workers, we conclude that: Short-term crisis responses need to focus on providing nutritious, healthy, and ample food to migrant workers;Policies that impose minimum standards of living need to be effectively enforced;The coverage of existing social safety nets by the government needs to be expanded;and A radical reform of labour law is needed to improve labour rights for migrant workers.

Syrian refugee labour and food insecurity in middle eastern agriculture during the early COVID-19 pandemic. (Special Issue: COVID-19 and the world of work (part II).)

Drawing on ethnographic data from the 2019 SyrianFoodFutures and the 2020 From the FIELD projects, this article provides insights into the early effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on refugee labour in agriculture in Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Turkey. In spring 2020, movement restrictions and supply chain disruptions caused displaced Syrian farmworkers to lose their jobs and face increased food insecurity. The authors situate their findings in the context of host countries' use of legal ambiguity in governing refugees, Middle Eastern agriculture's reliance on migrant labour, and the region's long-standing food insecurity. They conclude that formalizing refugee labour cannot alone address exploitation.

Impact of COVID-19 on agriculture, countryside and farmers and countermeasures

COVID-19 outbreak has great impact on agricultural and rural farmers. In order to effectively cope with the impact of COVID-19 epidemic and promote agricultural and rural development, this paper expounds the impact of the epidemic from three aspects of agricultural production, farmers and rural development, and puts forward corresponding countermeasures: building development platform for rural electric business, implementing the development mode of "Internet plus agriculture", strengthening the input and publicity of agricultural insurance to benefit farmers, and increasing support for local employment and entrepreneurship of migrant workers.

Food Security of Temporary Foreign Farm Workers under the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program in Canada and the United States: A Scoping Review.

Temporary foreign farm workers (TFWs) are among the most vulnerable and exploitable groups. Recent research shows alarming rates of food insecurity among them. This review explores research focussing on food security of TFWs in Canada and the United States, summarizes findings, and identifies research gaps. Online databases, including MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and government and nongovernment websites, and websites of migrant worker-supporting organizations were searched for peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed papers and reports published between 1966 and 2020 regarding food security of TFWs. Articles reviewed were analyzed to determine publication type, country, year, target population, and main findings. Content analysis was performed to identify major themes. Of 291 sources identified, 11 met the inclusion criteria. Most articles (n = 10) were based on studies conducted in the United States. The prevalence of food insecurity among TFWs ranged between 28% and 87%. From the content analysis, we formulated 9 themes, representing a diversity of perspectives, including access to resources, income, housing and related facilities, food access, dietary pattern and healthy food choices, and migrant's legal status. Instruments reported for the measurement of food security include USDA Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM; n = 8, 72.7%), the modified version of the USDA HFSSM (n = 1, 9%), hunger measure (n = 1, 9%), the modified CDC's NHANES (n = 1, 9%), and 24-h recall, diet history, and/or food-frequency questionnaire (n = 3, 27.3%). Factors impacting food security of TFWs working under the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Programs (SAWPs) in North America are understudied. There is a need to advance research looking particularly at policies and regulatory and administrative aspects of the SAWPs to improve the food security of this cohort. There is also a need for qualitative studies that explore lived experiences and perspectives of TFWs and key informants. Longitudinal studies may be useful to examine various factors, including policy-related, contributing to food insecurity of TFWs over time.

Saving Bavarian hops in a "parallel universe": lessons on the biopolitics of agricultural labor in Germany during the Corona pandemic. (Special Issue: More than disaster: creativity in growing, distributing, and accessing food during covid-19.)

When countries closed their borders to curb the spread of COVID-19 in spring 2020, seasonal migrant workers in agriculture were either unable to travel or faced unsafe conditions when performing "essential" field work. Some countries, like Germany, subsequently implemented policies to let them travel to work, and simultaneously, called on their residents to temporarily help farmers harvest crops. This paper explores the case of these temporary pandemic workers on Bavarian hops farms. Based on ethnographic research and interviews, this paper discusses the complex relationships between temporary pandemic workers, farmers, and the mostly absent seasonal workers in the exceptional moment of a global pandemic. The researchers argue that in the state of exception of the Corona pandemic in Germany, biopolitical sorting highlighted migrant workers' indispensability and disposability in a peculiar way: their short-term replaceability through recruited temporary pandemic workers formed a self-ascribed "parallel universe" or "Coronal bubble". Through new encounters (with farmers) and hands-on experiences in agricultural fields, the parallel universe often also meant uncomfortable insights into an unjust agricultural system. For those widely unexposed to agriculture, the state of exception revealed both the general and temporary biopolitics of seasonal migrant workers in agriculture and the key role they play for German agriculture as a whole.

Special Issue: The COVID-19 pandemic: precarious migrants and outbreak inequality. (Special Issue: The COVID-19 pandemic: precarious migrants and outbreak inequality.)

This special issue includes 8 articles that analyse and reflect upon COVID-19 and its multiple effects on migrant populations and migrant workers in Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Italy, and the USA.

The system dynamic model of the labor migrant policy in economic growth affected by COVID-19. (Special Issue: Covid-19.)

At the end of 2019, the new virus called Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) spread widely from China all over the world. In March 2020 the World Health Organization declared a new virus outbreak as "a global pandemic", and recommended social distancing and quarantine. Most countries in Europe have been quarantined. The social aspect of this issue is complicated by the fact that Europe nowadays hosts 82 million international migrants. If migrant workers leave the host country, it reduces the Covid-19 spread. Nevertheless, if migrant workers do not return, it will worsen the situation with the economic crisis. The subject of the study is the instrumental and mathematical aspects of impact simulation of labor migrants' policy on the economic growth of the host country affected by COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the work is to develop the system dynamics model for assessing labor migrants' policy impact on the economic growth of the host country during COVID-19 pandemic. It examined through hypotheses of different scenarios of labor migrants policy impact on the host country economic growth in Covid-19 pandemic. The proposed model combines epidemiological and the economic growth models and relies upon real statistical data. The analysis was carried out in four European countries. The results of the study enabled to state that without migrant workers the gross domestic product may fall to 43% in Italy, 45% in Netherlands, 37% in Spain and 200% in Switzerland in 2020.

Vulnerable, inequitable, and precarious: impacts of COVID-19 on newcomers, immigrants, and migrant workers in rural Canada. (Special Issue: COVID-19 and rural Canada: rural impacts and resilience.)

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed crucial flaws in Canada's immigration systems. While the majority of newcomers to Canada reside in urban centres, a substantial minority work and live in rural areas and small towns where crucial immigrant services are far less developed and greater geographical distances hinder efforts to support immigrants. Rural immigrants face distinct challenges, including increased social isolation and economic marginalization, which have only been amplified by the pandemic. Furthermore, the inaccurate perception of immigration as an exclusively urban issue hinders efforts to combat these problems. Building on rural immigration literature, this paper examines the ways in which the pandemic has impacted rural immigrants, including newcomers, refugees, and temporary foreign workers. Findings highlighted include the difficulty of providing immigrant support services in rural areas, the vulnerability of migrant farm workers to illness and isolation, and the lack of awareness and funding for immigration issues in rural areas relative to their urban counterparts. The paper draws on journalism and academic literature from the past year into these issues. In doing so, it demonstrates the need for renewed academic, policy, and rural development practice interests in rural immigration.

The perspectives of street food traders on foreign worker dependency during the COVID-19 pandemic

Gastronomic tourism is a strong motivator for tourists to visit destinations famous for their cuisine and street food. Street food is a socially and culturally recognised food source that is inexpensive, easy, and appealing for both urban and rural populations worldwide. As a unique destination attractor, street food can be a useful tool in marketing destinations. In Malaysia, the street food sector is one of the many industries that employs many foreign workers to resolve its labour shortage due to Malaysia's rapid economic growth and demand for unskilled workers. Regrettably, foreign workers have contributed considerably towards the total number of COVID-19 cases in Malaysia. This research explores street food traders' perspective regarding the hiring of foreign workers for their stalls during the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of the pandemic on these workers. Using the theory of planned behaviour as the underlying theory, researchers obtained qualitative data from in-depth interviews with eight street food traders and five foreign workers from October to December 2020. The thematic analysis of the interview data was done using NVivo 12 Pro. The findings provide some insights on the motivations for recruiting foreign workers in terms of attitude, perceived social pressure and perceived behavioural control. In light of the findings, the government should review its foreign workforce and design nuanced policies to accommodate the labour needs of specific economic sectors while striving towards reducing foreign labour dependence.

On the question of access to welfare and health for women during the initial phase of the pandemic

As the COVID-19 pandemic broke out, women migrant workers were placed at a distinct disadvantage. Millions of women workers in labour-intensive occupations, from domestic work to construction lost their jobs, while also shouldering the responsibility of caregiving. This study draws on in-depth interviews with women workers in Delhi to document their life and experiences in the aftermath of the national lockdown in 2020. It brings to light a range of challenges around food security, caregiving, income security, and social protection. It documents the impact of existing inequalities of gender, migration status, and class on access to support, which has implications on the long-term repercussions of the current economic crisis.

Guest workers: Enduring questions and policy controversies

As Germany marks the 60th anniversary of admitting its first I Gastarbeiter i (guest workers) from Turkey in 1961, it is important to recognize that guest-worker policies have a long and global history that predates Germany's post-war policies (e.g. Hahamovitch, 2003) and that they are, despite various "obituaries" (e.g. Castles, 1986), still very much alive today. The answer to this and similar questions will not only be relevant to the political dynamics and effectiveness of bilateral migration policy cooperation between high- and lower-income countries, but also to broader debates about the global governance of labour migration. For example, does the prospect of greater control over irregular labour migration flows raise public support for the legal admission of migrant workers, through expanded TLMPs, in high-income countries?. [Extracted from the article] Copyright of International Migration is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)